Journal: Foods

Article Title: Unripe Black Raspberry ( Rubus coreanus Miquel) Extract and Its Constitute, Ellagic Acid Induces T Cell Activation and Antitumor Immunity by Blocking PD-1/PD-L1 Interaction

doi: 10.3390/foods9111590

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of Rubus coreanus extract (RCE) on programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand-1 (PD-L1) protein interaction using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or cell-based assay. ( A , B ) The effect of RCE on the binding of PD-1 and PD-L1 in vitro using a competitive ELISA assay. ( C , D ) The effect of RCE on cell viability of PD-1/NFAT Jurkat cells ( C ) and PD-L1/aAPC CHO-K1 cells ( E ) using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK) assay. Each of the cells were treated according to the indicated concentrations of RCE for 24 h. ( E ) The effect of RCE on cellular PD-1/PD-L1 blockade activity. PD-1/NFAT Jurkat effector cells and PD-L1/aAPC CHO-K1 target cells were co-cultured with RCE or αPD-L1 for 24 h at the indicated concentrations. The relative PD-1/PD-L1 blockade activity were measured by PD-1/NFAT luciferase reporter assay. ( F ) Effect of RCE on IL-2 cytokine release in co-cultured cell model. Cell culture media was analyzed to measure IL-2 level by cytokine ELISA. Data are presented as mean ± S.E. of three representative independent experiments. Asterisks indicate significant inhibition of PD-1/PD-L1 binding activity by each test inhibitor as compared with the vehicle-treated group; *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, compared with the vehicle group.

Article Snippet: The human PD-1/PD-L1 competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and antagonist antibody to human PD-L1 (αPD-L1) were purchased from BPS Bioscience Inc. (San Diego, CA, USA).

Techniques: Competitive ELISA, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Cell Based Assay, Binding Assay, In Vitro, Cell Counting, Activity Assay, Cell Culture, Luciferase, Reporter Assay, Inhibition

Journal: Frontiers in Neuroscience

Article Title: Prodromal Alzheimer’s Disease: Constitutive Upregulation of Neuroglobin Prevents the Initiation of Alzheimer’s Pathology

doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.562581

Figure Lengend Snippet: Determination of neuroglobin (Ngb) levels in the plasma.

Article Snippet: After thawing, plasma was centrifuged at 1000 g at 4°C for 15 min and the supernatant was used to determine NGB levels with a commercial ELISA kit for the detection of human neuroglobin (Cloud-Clone Corp.) following the instructions of the manufacturers.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Neuroscience

Article Title: Prodromal Alzheimer’s Disease: Constitutive Upregulation of Neuroglobin Prevents the Initiation of Alzheimer’s Pathology

doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.562581

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cognitively altered patients show a decrease in Ngb plasma levels. (A) Representation of the differences in the levels of plasma neuroglobin, normalized by total protein, calculated from the blood of individuals ( n = 14) extracted in the first visit (V1) and the fifth visit, 5 years later (V5), and who did not show a cognitive decline between V5 and V1 determined by several neurological and neuropsychological tests (Stable). The plasma Ngb levels obtained at V1 was set at 0 for comparative purposes. (B) Same representation as in A, but for individuals with signs of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at V5 versus V1 (Converters). (C) Bar plot illustrating the differences in Ngb levels (normalized by total plasma proteins) between V5 versus V1, for Stable ( n = 14) and Converters ( n = 7) Individuals. Negative values indicate a decrease in absolute Ngb levels between V1 and V5. (D) Correlation between the amount of Ngb levels change (V5 versus V1) and the score obtained by the neuropsychological semantic fluency test FLUIsem. Subjects who score less than 15 in this test are considered to have mild dementia. Negative values in the X axis indicates a decrease in absolute Ngb levels between V1 and V5.

Article Snippet: After thawing, plasma was centrifuged at 1000 g at 4°C for 15 min and the supernatant was used to determine NGB levels with a commercial ELISA kit for the detection of human neuroglobin (Cloud-Clone Corp.) following the instructions of the manufacturers.

Techniques: